MBTI - Find Your Type With The 4 Temperaments (pt.3)
Are you still unsure about your MBTI type? This article helps you to narrow down your type by using the 4 temperaments. A pro tip to make your typing process easier!
If you have been following my MBTI series, you now understand what MBTI is and have pinpointed your most probable personality type based on the 4 letters. Now, you might be eager to learn more about your profile, which we will do in this article.
But if you’re still torn between two similar types, it’s perfectly normal in the beginning. It can be tricky to separate your natural tendencies from learned behaviours shaped by experience. The best way to do so is to zoom out! Instead of analyzing all 16 types individually, a more efficient approach is to separate them in four groups, known as the MBTI 4 temperaments.
These temperaments categorize personality types based on shared values, motivations, and behaviours, making it much easier to narrow down the options and confirm your MBTI type. In this article, we will explore the four temperaments of MBTI, so you can confirm your type with more confidence; and present key characteristics of each of the 16 types.
What Are The 4 Temperaments In MBTI?
The 4 MBTI temperaments were developed by David Keirsey, a psychologist who built on theories from Hippocrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Through years of research, he identified four distinct sets of human behaviour, which he later connected to the MBTI framework. In 1978, he introduced this model in his book Please Understand Me, calling it the Keirsey Temperament Sorter (KTS).
Each of the 16 MBTI types belongs to one of four temperaments, grouped by two shared letters that reflect their core motivations and tendencies. This makes temperaments a powerful tool for narrowing down your type, especially if you’re unsure between two similar profiles. The 4 temperaments in MBTI are: the Artisans (SP), the Guardians (SJ), the Idealists (NF), and the Rationals (NT). Let’s explore each temperament in more detail, highlighting their defining traits!
Note: As we go through each temperament, I will start to mention the cognitive functions, which play a key role in shaping personality traits. However, at this stage, you might still be unfamiliar with them, but don’t worry! We will dive deeper into cognitive functions later on, in this series of articles.
The Artisans (SP) - Action-Seekers
Artisans share two key elements of their MBTI profile “code”:
the second letter, Sensing (S);
and the last letter, Perceiving (P).
This combination generates a cognitive function called Extraverted Sensing (Se), either placed as their dominant function if they are an Extravert (E) type, or their auxiliary function if they are an Introvert (I) type.
This particular cognitive function is what drives their need for action and rich sensory experiences, making them spontaneous, adaptable, hands-on, and drawn to exploration. The four Artisans types are ESTP, ESFP, ISTP and ISFP. They make up about 30 to 35% of the population.
How do I know if I have the Artisan (SP) temperament in MBTI? Here are some key traits:
Adventurous – They seek adventure, craving novelty and variety from new and exciting experiences in the sensory world such as new activities, food, or places.
Thrill-seekers – Often taking bold risks, they want to be where the action is, pursuing excitement because of their insatiable thirst for stimulation.
Hands-on – They love engaging in real-world experiences, expressing their inner world through physical action like sports, music, art, or craftsmanship (hence the name Artisans).
Freedom-lovers – Because they never want to miss out on the next exciting opportunity, they resist restrictions, preferring spontaneity and adaptability to pursue what they want, when they want.
In the Present – Very spontaneous, they fully immerse themselves in the present moment, grounded in what is happening now, rather than worrying too much about the past or future.
Fun-loving – Enjoyment is their priority, and they are here to have a good time. They are playful, optimistic, and drawn to anything that brings them joy. By far, they are the temperament that wants the most to live their life to the fullest.
Where they thrive: in dynamic and sensory-stimulating environments like sports, arts, craftsmanship, or entrepreneurship.
The Artisans (SP) Core Needs & Strengths
More than anything, Artisans are eager to completely immerse themselves in the physical world through their 5 senses. Fully living in the present moment, they strive to have a hands-on engagement with the world in order to feel all the physical sensations as much as they can. As a result, they are the embodiment of carpe diem: true epicureans, seeking to live every moment of their lives to the fullest. With a particular appreciation for the finer things in life, such as tasty food, fine wines, art, and beautiful, high-quality things.
They have highly acute senses, granting them natural dexterity and a talent for fields that require precise control of the body. Whether in the arts (painting, sculpting, sewing, etc.), performing arts (music, dance, acting, etc.), sports, or skilled trades (mechanics, piloting, building, cooking, DIY, etc.), they excel in hands-on, physically engaging environments. Their playful nature and ability to improvise make them captivating storytellers, performers, and problem-solvers.
Unlike those who dwell on the past or future, Artisans fully embrace the present moment, infusing life with spontaneity, creativity, and a dynamic sense of adventure. They seem to have an endless supply of energy and thrive on freedom and spontaneity. Artisans are natural explorers and adventurers, eager to experience life through action rather than only theory. Whether through movement, creation, or adventure, Artisans crave excitement and fun, finding fulfillment in the thrill of discovery. They seek the excitement of novelty and crave a certain dose of variety. With an innate ability to adapt smoothly to the present moment, they are quick thinkers in fast-changing situations or when things don't go as planned.
Artisans prefer hands-on learning over pure theory, diving headfirst into their interests. This doesn’t mean they can’t be highly cultured, but simply that they will prioritize action and experimentation. However, as much as they tend to operate instinctively, you can sometimes see them being very attached to doing certain things by the book, when it comes to producing something up to their high quality standards (especially with things they are passionate about or expert at).
Artisans are action-takers and excitement-seekers, generally wanting to get to where they want as fast as possible. In that regard, they are often willing to take bold risks that not many would have the courage to do, inspiring others to step outside their comfort zones. Their daring energy paired with a fun-loving attitude are what make them especially charming and magnetic. Often seen as people who bring life to a gathering (more so if they are extraverted), their natural charisma often makes them influential in their circles.
The Artisans (SP) Challenges & Growth Areas
Very important note: Artisans have their own “blind spots” like anyone else. As the term suggests, they may very likely be unaware of certain negative tendencies in themselves, which may seem more obvious to their loved ones that know them well. It’s natural to feel uncomfortable acknowledging our less favourable traits. Not all Artisans will showcase every one of these behaviours, however, recognizing when they do can be very transformative in their personal growth.
Because they are so present-focused, Artisans may struggle with long-term commitments and consistency. Drawn to new experiences, they may quickly lose interest if something becomes repetitive or restrictive. Learning to balance spontaneity with follow-through can help them turn their passions and talents into lasting accomplishments.
Their thrill-seeking nature can sometimes lead to impulsivity, acting on excitement without fully considering the consequences. Their confidence in their abilities can lead them to overestimate their control in high-stakes situations, undermining dangers. For example, they may take risks such as speeding on the road, pushing limits in extreme sports, or diving into high-stakes ventures. While their quick reflexes and adaptability often serve them well, learning to assess risks more carefully can help them to embrace adventure without unnecessary harm.
Artisans also have a strong appreciation for sensory pleasures, which may sometimes lead to overindulgence, whether in food, drinks, overspending in fashion, luxury or any enjoyable experiences, in search of stimulation. Their carpe diem mindset encourages them to savour life, yet finding balance ensures that short-term enjoyment doesn’t come at the expense of long-term well-being.
Highly action-oriented, they are excellent problem-solvers in the moment, but can struggle to analyze abstract patterns. Meaning, they can overlook underlying issues, leading them to repeated challenges. Their need for excitement may also cause them to lose interest when things run too smoothly, sometimes seeking new challenges or disrupting a stable situation just to keep life engaging.
While Artisans bring energy and lightheartedness to any situation, it can sometimes make them appear dismissive when their loved ones share with them their deeper concerns, emotions and problems. Learning to balance playfulness with emotional depth and listening skills helps them stay connected and supportive in their relationships.
Lean more about the Artisans (SP) directly from the source here.
Overview of the ESTP:
Always on the go, they have an endless supply of energy and enjoys pushing limits.
Love living on the edge, want to be where the action is, seeking adventure.
Have a deep appreciation for the finer things in life that delights their 5 senses.
Very charismatic and smooth in social circles, but also blunt and to-the-point.
Spontaneous, live in the moment, and love to keep things exciting and in motion.
Bold risk-takers, very decisive, and love the thrill of high stakes.
Highly persuasive, skilled at negotiation and self-promotion.
Competitive and sharp, enjoy debating and defends their views with solid logic.
Thrive on the pressure of pulling things together at the last minute.
Action-oriented, good at handling multiple projects at the time.
Figure out how to solve problems very quickly with both logic and instincts.
Learn more about ESTP here through the lens of Keirsey. Down below is a wonderful, in depth explanation of the ESTP profile through the cognitive functions, with some personal tips. And here is also another good one.
Overview of the ESFP:
Very charming with their contagious enthusiasm, and friendly attitude.
They are the life of the party, love to entertain and make people laugh.
Boldly express their creativity and love to stand out from the crowd.
Unwaveringly optimistic, cheerful and prefer to keep things upbeat.
Values fun above all, they want to live life to the fullest, seeking instant gratification.
A natural friend-gatherer, with great people skills, who loves to chat.
Adapts well to change and thrives in dynamic and creative environments.
Live in the present, very spontaneous, and can struggle with time management.
Emotionally expressive, and tend to use their charm to get what they want.
Prefers to solve problems and conflicts quickly, without dwelling on heaviness.
Generous, and expressive in their appreciation, they don’t hold back.
Learn more about ESFP here through the lens of Keirsey. Down below is a great, in depth explanation of the ESFP profile through the cognitive functions, with some personal tips. And here is also another good one.
Overview of the ISTP:
Handy masters of tools, they are very resourceful and practical, with a gift for repairing things.
Adventure-seeker, thriving on excitement and strong need for freedom.
Very private and hard to read, they prefer to keep to themselves.
Spontaneous, live in the moment and dislikes plans and rigid structures.
Fearless risk-takers, thrive on stimulating challenges and adrenaline.
Action-oriented and very instinctive, they trust their gut and quickly act on it.
Ignore rules if they hinder results and boldly resist authority.
Perfectionistic hard-worker, striving towards mastery of their skills.
Boldly nonconformist, audacious, not easily swayed by other’s opinions.
Fiercely independent and self-reliant.
Work best alone or with equally competent individuals.
Learn more about ISTP here through the lens of Keirsey. Down below is an amazing, in depth explanation of the ISTP profile through the cognitive functions, with some personal tips. And here is also another good one.
Overview of the ISFP:
Charming with their easygoing attitude and "live and let live" philosophy.
Highly creative and artistic, particularly skilled with their hands.
Have a keen eye for subtle sensory details, nuances and shifts.
Thrive with freedom, and flexibility in their creative space.
Adaptable, live in the present moment, but struggle with structure.
Become fully absorbed in passion projects, losing themselves in the process.
Gentle, kind-hearted and deeply compassionate.
Easily stressed, struggle under pressure, becoming unpredictable and even impulsive.
Strives for perfection and holds high personal standards.
Deeply passionate underneath their quiet appearance.
Strongly values integrity and authenticity, staying true to themselves.
Learn more about ISFP here through the lens of Keirsey. Down below is a fantastic, in depth explanation of the ISFP profile through the cognitive functions, with some personal tips. And here is also another good one.
The Guardians (SJ) - Duty-Seekers
Guardians share two key elements of their MBTI profile “code”:
the second letter, Sensing (S);
and the last letter, Judging (J).
This combination generates a cognitive function called Introverted Sensing (Si), either as their dominant function if they are an Introvert (I) type, or their auxiliary function if they are an Extravert (E) type.
This particular cognitive function is what’s making them dependable, dutiful, inclined towards tradition, steady, and loyal. The four Guardians types are: ESTJ, ESFJ, ISTJ and ISFJ. They make up about 40 to 45% of the population.
How do I know if I have the Guardian (SJ) temperament in MBTI? Here are some key traits:
Responsible – Guardians are the most reliable of the temperament, as they naturally take on responsibility. Once they commit to something, they see it through to the end.
Dedicated – They love to help others and be of service by making themselves useful. Their loyalty extends to both people and duties.
Routine-Lovers – Guardians thrive on stability and order, they don’t like change for the sake of it. Finding great joy in their routines and little habits, they have certain standards of comfort, both at home and away.
Efficient Planners – Their sense of practicality makes them excellent planners, anticipating potential problems and ensuring efficiency in everything they do. They are very organized, methodical and detail-oriented.
Rule-Abiding – They prefer clear rules, and feel secure by following them, expecting others to do the same. They are “by the book” and like when things are straight.
Traditional – They trust tried and true methods, and look in past experiences to inform their present decisions. If it works well, why change it? They enjoy traditions and passing them on, often seen as the keepers of societal “common sense” values.
Where they thrive: in service-oriented roles like healthcare, executive functions or leadership and management.
The Guardians (SJ) Core Needs & Strengths
Often called the pillars of society, Guardians provide the steady foundation that families, workplaces, and communities rely upon. They crave stability, certainty and security, taking fulfillment in ensuring that everything runs smoothly. Good structure offer them the stability they need to move forward with confidence. Conscientious, serious and hardworking, they naturally take responsibilities. Guardians are the most dependable people you can meet: if they say they will do something, you can be sure that they will follow through.
With a keen focus on organization, Guardians excel in environments that require structure and efficiency. They prefer when they can plan ahead, and are amazing at doing so, with an acute sense of practicality. They like to know the rules and play by them, not out of blind obedience, but because clear guidelines provide a reassuring sense of order. Knowing what to expect and having a clear step by step framework gives them peace of mind.
Loyalty is one of the Guardian’s defining qualities. They are dedicated to their commitments, whether to their loved ones, their work, or their personal goals. They form strong bonds and take relationships seriously, valuing trust and reliability above all. Guardians are the ones who will show up, keep their word, and stand by those they care about, expecting the same dedication in return. Often the ones that others turn to in times of need, they are deeply loved and respected for their dependable character.
While Guardians are typically associated with tradition, they don’t necessarily follow every societal or cultural norms. Instead, they respect what has proven to work consistently over time, drawing from past experiences and time-tested methods. They tend to trust what is reliable or familiar, rather than blindly adopting change for its own sake. Even the Guardians who break from their upbringing’s traditions tend to preserve certain values or customs that offer them a sense of continuity and grounding.
Guardians find comfort in routine, using daily habits to create stability for themselves and others. While they may enjoy some variety, they prefer structure over unpredictability. Their diligence and long-term commitment make them a steady, reliable force, whether managing a household, or leading a team, they love maintaining order with care and dedication.
The Guardians (SJ) Challenges & Growth Areas
Very important note: Guardians have their own “blind spots” like anyone else. As the term suggests, they may very likely be unaware of certain negative tendencies in themselves, which may seem more obvious to their loved ones that know them well. It’s natural to feel uncomfortable acknowledging our less favourable traits. Not all Guardians will showcase every one of these behaviours, however, recognizing when they do can be very transformative in their personal growth.
Guardians’ strong sense of duty often leads them to take on too much on their shoulders, making them prone to self-sacrifice and burnout. Their deep sens of duty, sometimes costs them their own well-being. Guardians may believe they must take on every responsibility by themselves. It would greatly help them to accept to ask for help, delegate and set boundaries, which are all perfectly valid and even healthy to do. Also, accepting that having some rest and self-care are essential for long-term resilience.
Because Guardians look to their past for wisdom and guidance, there can be a risk of becoming overly attached to it. Some may hold onto grudges, falling into a victim mentality while struggling to let go of old wounds, and fearing history will repeat itself. Others idealize “the good old days”, leading to melancholy and apathy in the present, or pessimism about the future. However, Guardians can shape a positive future, free from the weight of the past by reclaiming true sovereignty, which comes from releasing old narratives once and for all, and embracing the present with a proactive mindset and the future with optimism.
Because of their practicality and preference for what they are used to, Guardians can sometimes be resistant to change or new abstract ideas. They tend to trust in what has proved to work for them before, which can sometimes make it hard to open up new possibilities for the future. While this mindset can ensure consistency, it can also lead to frustration in those trying to implement improvements. From time to tome, it might be helpful to learn to accept that what once worked well is no longer effective, and to open to new ways that might work best.
Guardians’ need for order can also make them overly cautious or even rigid when faced with uncertainty. When faced with unpredictability, they may either shut down in panic or overcompensate by unknowingly engage into micromanagement in an attempt to regain control and stability. While their structured approach is valuable, learning to embrace a degree of flexibility can help them navigate change more smoothly and avoid unnecessary anxiety.
Because they take their commitments so seriously, Guardians can sometimes forget to simply enjoy life. Their focus on duty and responsibility may make them seem overly serious or guarded, sometimes struggling to let loose and have fun. However, having some fun more often is just as important as hard work. By allowing themselves to enjoy leisure time without guilt, they can reconnect with life’s simple pleasures while still staying true to their grounded nature.
Lean more about the Guardians (SJ) directly from the source here.
Overview of the ESTJ:
Unafraid of forming and voicing their strong opinions.
Extremely efficient and goal-oriented, focused on productivity.
Natural leaders who take charge and thrive in structured environments.
Can be blunt but fair, valuing honesty and straightforwardness.
Excel at problem-solving, quickly identifying inefficiencies and fixing them.
Hard workers who push themselves and others to meet high standards.
Fun and sociable once work is done, enjoying well-earned leisure time.
Very decisive and logical decision-makers.
Willing to take calculated risks once well-researched.
Highly responsible, never abandoning a commitment once made.
Need to have a strong sense of control with the things they are involved in.
Learn more about ESTJ here through the lens of Keirsey. Down below is a very clear, in depth explanation of the ESTJ profile through the cognitive functions, with some personal tips. And here is also another good one.
Overview of the ESFJ:
Very sociable, warm, outgoing and highly invested in their relationships.
Create harmony in groups by fostering cooperation and friendliness.
Organized and detail-oriented, ensuring tasks are completed efficiently.
Driven by a strong need to feel useful, often prioritizing others over themselves.
Care about how they are perceived, deeply longing to be appreciated for their help.
Find comfort in structure, schedules, and diligently follow their routines.
Strong sense of duty, always following through on commitments.
Very conscientious with a “should” and “shouldn’t” mentality, expecting the same for others.
They make fantastic hosts, attentive to everyone’s needs.
Have a strong sense of community, are collaborative and thrive on team work.
Ensures decisions are being made and trusts their leaders to do so.
Learn more about ESFJ here through the lens of Keirsey. Down below is an excellent, in depth explanation of the ESFJ profile through the cognitive functions, with some personal tips. And here is also another good one.
Overview of the ISTJ:
People of few words who are extremely private and dislikes the spotlight.
Remain unwaveringly composed in all situations and crisis.
Very loyal and committed, seeing their word as their bond.
Known for their strong dependability, they earn respect through their dedication.
Very conscientious, hard worker and skilled at mastering practical tasks.
Prefer a disciplined, methodical and active approach to work and life.
Punctual and organized, expecting the same from others.
Rule-followers who uphold order and dislikes chaos.
Excellent detail-oriented memory, very thorough, valuing accuracy and precision.
Logical and impartial decision-makers who focus on solid, concrete results.
Always planning ahead and need to feel prepared, proactive and in control.
Learn more about ISTJ here through the lens of Keirsey. Down below is a very interesting, in depth explanation of the ISTJ profile through the cognitive functions, with some personal tips. And here is also another good one.
Overview of the ISFJ:
Deeply dependable and always willing to be of service, often self-sacrificing.
Highly attuned to people’s emotions, expressing care through acts of service.
Very loyal, cooperative, kind and supportive towards their loved ones.
Hardworking and detail-oriented, striving for excellence.
Humble and reserved, preferring to work behind the scenes with a quiet dedication.
Strong sense of duty, always fulfilling obligations and respecting the rules.
Methodical planners who prepare meticulously before taking action.
Strongly self-motivated, requiring no external push to complete tasks.
Highly value the safety of the people they care about, always ready for an emergency.
Value and respect traditions, striving to always be appropriate, and expecting it from others.
Love things to be neat, well organized, ordered and properly tended to.
Learn more about ISFJ here through the lens of Keirsey. Down below is a brilliant, in depth explanation of the ISFJ profile through the cognitive functions, with some personal tips. And here is also another good one.
The Idealists (NF) - Dream-Seekers
The idealists share two key elements of their MBTI profile “code”:
the second letter, iNtuition (N);
and the third letter, Feeling (F).
Unlike the previous temperaments, this combination doesn't form one shared cognitive function. Instead, all Idealists types have one intuitive and one feeling function as their dominant and auxiliary: Judging (J) types have Introverted Intuition (Ni) paired with Extraverted Feeling (Fe), while Perceiving (P) types have Extraverted Intuition (Ne) and Introverted Feeling (Fi).
The NF letter combination is what’s making them idealistic, imaginative, sensitive, focused on personal growth and deeper meaning. The four Idealists types are: ENFJ, ENFP, INFJ and INFP. They make up about 15 to 20% of the population.
How do I know if I have the Idealist (NF) temperament in MBTI? Here are some key traits:
Romantic Dreamers – More often than not with their head in the clouds, they dream up the possibilities of what could be rather than focusing on what is, and tend to romanticize everything.
Meaning-Seekers – Drawn to deep philosophical questions, nebulous concepts and abstract symbolism, they constantly search for purpose and hidden meaning.
Growth-Oriented – Naturally drawn to subjects like psychology and spirituality, they strive for self-discovery, self-actualization and love helping others fulfill their potential.
Values-Driven – Guided by their heart and strong ethics, they are very attached to their moral values and hold themselves to high standards of integrity.
Creative – With vivid imaginations and grand utopian visions for themselves and humanity, those poetic souls value creative self-expression, especially writing.
Deeply Empathetic – Sensitive and kind-hearted, they intuitively understand emotions and seek to create harmony with diplomacy.
Where they thrive: in counselling, teaching or entrepreneurial and artistic pursuits.
Lean more about the Idealists (NF) directly from the source here.
The Idealists (NF) Core Needs & Strengths
Very dreamy, with their head up in the clouds, they always see endless possibilities beyond what currently exists. More often than not, they are drawn very early on to the mystical or spiritual dimensions of life. Creativity and imagination are at the heart of an Idealist’s perspective. Visionaries at their core, they are driven by a desire to improve the world from a very young age, weaving together big-picture thinking with a deep sense of purpose. Whether through art, storytelling, or philosophical exploration, they thrive when they can express ideas and ideals that inspire and uplift others.
Idealists are driven by a deep longing for meaning, and personal growth. More than just seeking happiness, they crave an ideal life rich in purpose and authenticity. They have a core need for self-actualization, always striving to become the best version of themselves and to help others do the same. With a natural gift for guiding and inspiring others, they encourage those around them to grow, evolve, and reach their highest potential.
Harmonious collaboration is essential to them. Idealists believe that friendly cooperation leads to the best outcomes and often act as peacemakers, helping people work together toward common goals. Conflict and confrontation deeply unsettle them, which they strive to avoid at all costs, as they see them as barriers to understanding and unity. Their ability to foster harmony makes them excellent motivators and consensus-builders, enabling teams and relationships to function smoothly and with mutual respect.
Guided by a strong moral compass, Idealists prioritize integrity and ethical decision-making. They hold themselves to high personal standards, always striving to do what feels right, not just for themselves but for the greater good. They are the voice of conscience in many situations, seeking fairness, authenticity, and meaningful impact. While they can be hard on themselves if they fall short of their ideals, their deep-rooted optimism allows them to see the potential in people and situations.
Usually very sensitive, their empathy is one of their greatest strengths. Idealists feel things very deeply and care so much about their relationships, valuing profoundly emotional and even spiritual connections above all. They seek soul-deep bonds, whether in friendships, family, or romantic partnerships. Their strong intuition allows them to understand unspoken emotions, making them natural counsellors, healers, and inspiring mentors. In any role they take on, they bring warmth, encouragement, and a genuine desire to help others thrive.
The Idealists (NF) Challenges & Growth Areas
Very important note: Idealists have their own “blind spots” like anyone else. As the term suggests, they may very likely be unaware of certain negative tendencies in themselves, which may seem more obvious to their loved ones that know them well. It’s natural to feel uncomfortable acknowledging our less favourable traits. Not all Idealists will showcase every one of these behaviours, however, recognizing when they do can be very transformative in their personal growth.
Idealists’ deep compassion for others makes them very understanding, but they can also be too kind, leaving them vulnerable to being taken advantage of. Also, their reluctance to criticize or discipline others when it would be necessary can lead to repeated disappointments. Learning to set healthy but firm boundaries and recognize when kindness needs to be paired with assertiveness can help them navigate relationships in a more fair and healthy way.
Their emotional depth, can also lead to oversensitivity. Idealists may take criticism too personally, assuming negative intent even when in most cases, people might be sincerely trying to help. Shifting perspective and viewing feedback as valuable information rather than a personal attack can help them grow. By focusing on true intent and appreciating honesty, rather than assuming the worst intentions based on a blunt delivery, they can develop a thicker skin and use constructive criticism to their advantage.
Because they prioritize subjective values and emotions, Idealists may sometimes overlook logic in decision-making, leading others to see them as biased, impractical or even unfair in some cases. Finding a balance between personal values and objective criteria can help them make more fair and well-rounded choices. Learning to incorporate logic without sacrificing their natural warmth ensures they remain both compassionate and rational.
Their strong desire for harmony can cause them to avoid conflict, sacrificing their own needs to keep the peace. This can lead to resentment or guilt. While conflict can feel uncomfortable, engaging in open, productive disagreements allows them to voice their opinions and create deeper, more authentic connections. Practicing assertiveness and focusing on objective solutions by taking a step back from emotions can make conflicts less daunting and more constructive.
As big-picture, idealistic dreamers, they tend to live with their head in the clouds, which can sometimes leave them feeling ungrounded. If they focus too much on grand visions without practical steps, they risk feeling disillusioned when reality doesn’t match their expectations. It is important to ground themselves by immersing themselves in the present moment through their 5 senses. Such as taking tangible actions, engaging in hands-on activities or movement-based hobbies. Also, breaking their ambitious goals into manageable steps, can be a fulfilling way to bring their dreams to life realistically.
Overview of the ENFJ:
Warm, charming and uplifting, they naturally draw people in.
Very discerning with people and read them like an open book.
Great advisors, seeing the best in others, helping them reach their potential.
Devoted and deeply caring, they are very loyal to their loved ones.
Often people-pleaser for the sake of maintaining harmony at all cost.
Thrive in group settings, ensuring everyone’s voice is heard and valued.
Great communicators and leaders who inspire and motivate others.
Proactive, taking responsibility for their projects and long-term vision.
Organized and goal-oriented, they are diligent workers.
Resilient in the face of setbacks, seeing them as opportunities for growth.
Learn more about ENFJ here through the lens of Keirsey. Down below is a wonderful, in depth explanation of the ENFJ profile through the cognitive functions, with some personal tips. And here is also another good one.
Overview of the ENFP:
Their bubbly personality radiates enthusiasm and energy.
Very sociable, charming with their humour, spontaneity and uplifting attitude.
Have wildly imaginative minds, constantly generating new ideas.
Thrive on novelty, always seeking fresh ideas, but gets easily distracted.
Their idealistic values make them very altruistic, and caring for those in need.
Quick thinkers who adapt easily to new situations and tends to do things last minute.
Hard workers, they love working in dynamic and stimulating environments.
Express their thoughts and feelings freely and openly.
Highly independent and self-driven, working well without strict supervision.
Have multiple and wide interests, often multi-talented, excelling in diverse skills.
Motivational and inspiring, fuelling others with their passion.
Learn more about ENFP here through the lens of Keirsey. Down below is a great, in depth explanation of the ENFP profile through the cognitive functions, with some personal tips. And here is also another good one.
Overview of the INFJ:
Gentle and kind-hearted, quietly focused on the greater good.
Excellent listeners, making others feel truly understood, but remains very private.
Good at reading through people, they are remarkably insightful councilors.
Possess a vivid and complex imagination, making them highly creative.
Highly analytical and precise, they want to find the deeper meaning of ideas.
Need structure and stability, carefully plan and think thoroughly before taking action.
Future-focused, very determined and obsessed with their long-term vision.
Instinctively adapt appropriately to the social setting to maintain a sense of harmony.
Deeply attuned to people’s emotions and empathetic, feeling them as their own.
Love to help people transform profoundly, but prefer to do it from a distance or 1:1.
Perfectionistic and very demanding of themselves.
Learn more about INFJ here through the lens of Keirsey. Down below is an amazing, in depth explanation of the INFJ profile through the cognitive functions, with some personal tips. And here is also another good one.
Overview of the INFP:
Gentle, introspective, authentic and true to themselves above all.
Very artistic, with a profusion of creative ideas and a wild imagination.
Deep feelers and incredibly compassionate, sensitive to people’s pain.
Laid-back, flexible and go with the flow, don’t like to be restricted by structure.
Strives for exploring the depths of all emotions through creative self-expression.
Highly idealistic with big dreams, that can struggle with discipline and follow-through.
Enjoy exploring a wide variety of ideas for fun, embracing contradictions.
Very open-minded, but fiercely defends their core ideals and values when threatened.
Fully committed to causes and projects they believe in and feel compassion for.
Thrive in independent work, delivering their best when given creative freedom.
Hold themselves to high personal standards.
Learn more about INFP here through the lens of Keirsey. Down below is a fantastic, in depth explanation of the INFP profile through the cognitive functions, with some personal tips. And here is also another good one.
Rationals (NT) - The Knowledge-seekers
The rationals share two key elements of their MBTI profile:
the second letter, iNtuituin (N);
and the third letter, Thinking (T).
Just like the Idealists, this combination doesn't form a shared cognitive function. Instead, all Rationals types have one intuitive and one thinking function as their dominant and auxiliary: Judging (J) types have Introverted Intuition (Ni) and Extraverted Thinking (Te), while Perceiving (P) types have Extraverted Intuition (Ne) and Introverted Thinking (Ti).
The NT letter combination is what’s making them innovative, pragmatic, strategic, analytical, and logical problem-solvers. The four Rationals types are: INTJ, ENTJ, INTP and ENTP. They make up about 5 to 10% of the population.
How do I know if I have the Rational (NT) temperament in MBTI? Here are some key traits:
Innovative – Using imagination and groundbreaking innovation to push things forward, they seek ways to solve systemic problems and improve things such as systems, technology, and ideas.
Knowledge-Seekers – With an insatiable thirst for learning, they strive to understand how things work. Their natural curiosity often leads them to fields like science, engineering, and technology.
Logical – Highly analytical, they thrive on solving complex problems and excel at strategic thinking. They are drawn to abstract concepts and fundamental principles that underpin real-world applications.
Calm – They are usually calm and self-contained, often perceived as distant. They are more focused on their ideas than emotional expression.
Deep Thinkers – Concentrating on intellectual challenges, they are deeply absorbed in their thoughts, playing in their minds with concepts and solving problems for fun.
Skeptical – Independent thinkers, they question everything until they fully understand it. They trust their gut and hunches, but ultimately decide with their head.
Where they thrive: in innovative fields like science, engineering and technology.
The Rationals (NT) Core Needs & Strengths
Rationals are amazing problem-solvers, drawn to challenges that require deep analysis and thinking outside the box. They have a strong preference for tackling complex systems, seeking to understand and improve them through logical precision. Often, but not exclusively, attracted to innovative fields such as science, technology and engineering. Their confidence in their ideas stems from their thorough approach to problem-solving, where every possibility is examined and tested against objective analysis.
Captivated by abstract concepts and fundamental truths, Rationals are deeply intellectual. While they recognize the need for practical applications, their real passion lies in uncovering the underlying principles of how things work theoretically. They are constantly questioning, refining, and expanding their understanding of how things work. Their ability to see patterns and connections where others see only chaos makes them excellent at finding new theories, spotting inefficiencies, and innovating solutions that push the boundaries of what is possible.
Independent thinkers, they rarely follow established methods blindly, preferring instead to refine or reinvent systems in ways that align with their own logical reasoning. Visionary and innovative, Rationals excel at seeing the bigger picture and predicting trends long before they materialize. They are driven by an insatiable hunger to advance knowledge, often positioning themselves as pioneers in their respective fields. Rationals seek to move the world forward by making it more intelligent, one built on logic, innovation, and intellectual progress.
Rationals have a core need for competence, valuing logic, and respecting rigorous expertise above all else. Direct and pragmatic, they prioritize facts over feelings, expecting clear reasoning rather than emotional appeals. They won’t hesitate to engage in constructive criticism, hoping to be helpful by correcting logical errors and inaccuracies. Their skeptical nature leads them to challenge authority and tradition, preferring to rely on knowledge and results rather than status or hierarchy. While they may come across as detached, this is often due to their intense focus on finding the best solution to a problem.
Above all, Rationals are relentless in their pursuit of knowledge and mastery. They thrive in environments that challenge their intellect, pushing them to refine their skills and expand their expertise. Avid learners, they respect those who demonstrate true mastery in their fields and remain highly skeptical of those who seem to lack depth of knowledge. Their tireless curiosity and make them great thinkers, capable of shaping the future through groundbreaking discoveries, strategic insights, and revolutionary ideas.
The Rationals (NT) Challenges & Growth Areas
Very important note: Rationals have their own “blind spots” like anyone else. As the term suggests, they may very likely be unaware of certain negative tendencies in themselves, which may seem more obvious to their loved ones that know them well. It’s natural to feel uncomfortable acknowledging our less favourable traits. Not all Rationals will showcase every one of these behaviours, however, recognizing when they do can be very transformative in their personal growth.
Rationals sometimes have a very complex communication style, which can be difficult for most people to follow. It stems from their intellectual depth and habit to constantly navigate intricate abstract concepts. However, providing some necessary context before diving deeper, and simplifying ideas without sacrificing depth can help them convey their insights more effectively. Adapting their explanations to their audience instead of leaning toward intellectual superiority can make their genius ideas more accessible, acceptable, and therefore more useful to a larger public which could benefit from them.
Their independent thinking and desire to create their own solutions can sometimes make them overly skeptical, leading to frequent questioning of rules and authority. While their critical mindset is valuable, challenging authority too directly can create friction in professional and personal relationships. Balancing skepticism with diplomacy can avoid unnecessary conflict, while still driving innovation. For example, questioning ideas respectfully rather than dismissively.
Prioritizing logic above all else, Rationals may come across as blunt or even arrogant, confident that their reasoning is correct. This can make it difficult for them to see how their words impact others, sometimes causing unintentional hurt. Developing emotional intelligence by actively listening, acknowledging feelings, and considering how messages are received, can help them build stronger, more trusting relationships. When they generously hear out others’ perspectives, they may find unexpected value in collaboration.
Their relentless pursuit of knowledge can sometimes lead to overanalysis, hesitation, or perfectionism. They may delay action until they feel they have mastered a subject, or get lost in theory without applying it practically. Recognizing when “good enough” is sufficient and taking action despite incomplete information can help them bring their ideas into reality and make a tangible impact.
Rationals value accuracy over social expectations, often disregarding political correctness in favour of truth. While this honesty can be refreshing, it may also alienate those who prioritize group harmony. Recognizing when directness is necessary versus when tact is more effective can help them navigate social dynamics more smoothly. Choosing their battles wisely and adjusting their approach based on context can prevent unnecessary friction while still allowing them to stay true to their principles.
Lean more about the Rationals (NT) directly from the source here.
Characteristics of the ENTJ:
Visionary and ambitious, they create change by planning and inspiring action.
Confident leaders, they thrive on taking charge and guiding others to success.
Strategic thinkers, always organizing and executing plans ahead of schedule.
Energetic and fast-paced, tackling projects with efficiency and enthusiasm.
Fearless in debate, thriving on intellectual challenges and opposing viewpoints.
Honest and straightforward, valuing direct and stimulating discussions.
Highly persuasive, winning others over with logic and charisma.
Resilient problem-solvers, viewing obstacles as temporary and surmountable.
Masters of efficiency, but can also be fun-loving and enthusiastic.
Decisive and action-oriented, always ready to make tough calls.
Love teaching others how to be efficiently successful with clear, logical strategies.
Learn more about ENTJ here through the lens of Keirsey. Down below is a very clear, in depth explanation of the ENTJ profile through the cognitive functions, with some personal tips. And here is also another good one.
Characteristics of the ENTP:
Master debaters, very good at arguing and winning others to their point of view.
Forward-thinking, finding innovative ways to get things done.
Quick-witted and sharp, good at solving complex logical problems.
Love to think outside the box, rejecting tradition in favour of new ideas.
Energetic and enthusiastic, approaching life with boundless curiosity.
Multi-taskers, juggling numerous projects and ideas at once.
Spontaneous and adaptable, thriving on change, variety and stimulation.
Encouraging and appreciative, recognizing others’ contributions.
Constantly improving, pushing for personal and professional growth.
Confident, charismatic and great communicators, they inspire optimism.
Deeply analytical, seeking to understand people and ideas.
Learn more about ENTP here through the lens of Keirsey. Down below is an excellent, in depth explanation of the ENTP profile through the cognitive functions, with some personal tips. And here is also another good one.
Characteristics of the INTJ:
Determined and self-reliant, trusting their own judgment above all.
Obsessed with goals, creating strategic plans to achieve them.
Future-focused visionaries, anticipating challenges before they arise.
Deeply analytical, breaking down problems to find innovative solutions.
Highly disciplined, immersing themselves in their work.
Loyal but selective, valuing intellectual depth in relationships.
Engaged in intellectual discussions, enjoying thought-provoking debates.
Very strong-willed, determined competitive.
Independent thinkers, preferring to follow their own path.
Ingenious, pragmatic and quite strategic.
Demanding toward themselves, pushing toward excellence.
Learn more about INTJ here through the lens of Keirsey. Down below is a very interesting, in depth explanation of the INTJ profile through the cognitive functions, with some personal tips. And here is also another good one.
Characteristics of the INTP:
Deep thinkers, constantly exploring complex ideas and abstract concepts.
Dedicated seekers of knowledge, want to uncover life's fundamental truths.
Curious and open-minded, receptive to new ideas as long as it makes sense to them.
Very absorbed in their thoughts, appearing disconnected and emotionally detached.
Ingenious problem-solvers, come up with very original, innovative and creative ideas.
Analytical and precise, instantly spotting inaccuracies and logical inconsistencies.
Curious, they have many different interests and love to jump from one to the next.
They love to go deep into ideas, just as much as they love to branch out.
Independent worker, preferring to work and research alone.
Constantly imagine how things could be better or improved, leaving them unsatisfied.
Fascinated by complexity, drawn to the most challenging problems.
Learn more about INTP here through the lens of Keirsey. Down below is a brilliant, in depth explanation of the INTP profile through the cognitive functions, with some personal tips. And here is also another good one.
What’s Next?
Hopefully, breaking things down into four groups helped you to gain more clarity on your most probable type. However, if you’re still uncertain about your type, there are two possible reasons for your hesitation:
You’re clear on your temperament but unsure between two similar types. Most often, this means you’re debating between types that differ by either the first letter (E vs. I) or the last letter (J vs. P). If that’s the case, the next article on different classifications (IJ, EJ, IP, EP) will help you clarify the distinction!
You’re really torn between two temperaments. This usually happens when you’re unsure about one of the middle letters (N vs. S or F vs. T). In this case, diving into cognitive functions (covered in an upcoming article) will provide deeper insight.
Remember, true MBTI is a self-discovery journey, all about understanding your core motivations, not just surface behaviours you exude, which are not a very reliable way to type. Take your time to reflect with total honestly, and start to ask for transparent feedback (both positive and negative) from your loved ones that have known you for a long time and saw you through many phases of your life. It’s only with complete honesty and humility that you will see the truth about your type.
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Understanding the 4 temperaments is an amazing way to break down the process to find out type. However, staying at the surface-level by focusing only on the 4 letters of the profiles is just the tip of the iceberg and can eventually lead to confusion and mistyping. That’s why the next step would be to dive into the cognitive functions which are the inner workings and explain much more solidly and in depth the patterns that are then reflected externally.
But before that, there is another way to break down the types in four other groups, which will not only help if you are still hesitant between two types, but also build a helpful bridge between this beginner’s level, and the world of cognitive functions. In the next part of this series, we will explore another type of classifications (observer vs. gatherer), followed by a deep dive into cognitive functions. Stay tuned!
With infinite love and gratitude,
-Anne 🧚♀️
*** Which temperament do you think you belong to? Did it help you confirm your type?
Are you still hesitant between two types? ***